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PDOC00017
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* ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop) *
*****************************************
From sequence comparisons and crystallographic data analysis it has been shown
[1,2,3,4,5] that an appreciable proportion of proteins that bind ATP or GTP
share a number of more or less conserved sequence motifs. The best conserved
of these motifs is a glycine-rich region, which probably forms a flexible loop
between a beta-strand and an alpha-helix. This loop interacts with one of the
phosphate groups of the nucleotide. This sequence motif is generally referred
to as the 'A' consensus sequence [1] or the 'P-loop' [5].
There are numerous ATP- or GTP-binding proteins in which the P-loop is found.
We list below a number of protein families for which the relevance of the
presence of such motif has been noted:
- ATP synthase alpha and beta subunits.
- Myosin heavy chains.
- Kinesin heavy chains and kinesin-like proteins.
- Guanylate kinase.
- Thymidine kinase.
- Thymidylate kinase.
- Shikimate kinase.
- Nitrogenase iron protein family (nifH/frxC).
- ATP-binding proteins involved in 'active transport' (ABC transporters) [6].
- ATP-dependent helicases [7,8].
- GTP-binding elongation factors (EF-Tu, EF-1alpha, EF-G, EF-2, etc.).
- Ras family of proteins (Ras, Rho, Rab, Ral, Ypt1, SEC4, etc.).
- ADP-ribosylation factors family.
- Bacterial dnaA protein.
- Bacterial recA protein.
- Bacterial recF protein.
- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins alpha subunits (Gi, Gs, Gt, G0, etc.).
- DNA mismatch repair proteins mutS family.
- Bacterial type II secretion system protein E.
Not all ATP- or GTP-binding proteins are picked-up by this motif. A number of
proteins escape detection because the structure of their ATP-binding site is
completely different from that of the P-loop. Examples of such proteins are
the E1-E2 ATPases or the glycolytic kinases. In other ATP- or GTP-binding
proteins the flexible loop exists in a slightly different form; this is the
case for tubulins or protein kinases. A special mention must be reserved for
adenylate kinase, in which there is a single deviation from the P-loop
pattern: in the last position Gly is found instead of Ser or Thr.
-Consensus pattern: [AG]-x(4)-G-K-[ST]
-Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: a majority.
-Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: in addition to the proteins listed
above, the 'A' motif is also found in a number of other proteins. Most of
these proteins probably bind a nucleotide, but others are definitively not
ATP- or GTP-binding (as for example chymotrypsin, or human ferritin light
chain).
-Expert(s) to contact by email: Koonin E.V.
koonin@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
[ 1] Walker J.E., Saraste M., Runswick M.J., Gay N.J.
EMBO J. 1:945-951(1982).
[ 2] Moller W., Amons R.
FEBS Lett. 186:1-7(1985).
[ 3] Fry D.C., Kuby S.A., Mildvan A.S.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:907-911(1986).
[ 4] Dever T.E., Glynias M.J., Merrick W.C.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1814-1818(1987).
[ 5] Saraste M., Sibbald P.R., Wittinghofer A.
Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:430-434(1990).
[ 6] Higgins C.F., Hyde S.C., Mimmack M.M., Gileadi U., Gill D.R.,
Gallagher M.P.
J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 22:571-592(1990).
[ 7] Hodgman T.C.
Nature 333:22-23(1988) and Nature 333:578-578(1988) (Errata).
[ 8] Linder P., Lasko P., Ashburner M., Leroy P., Nielsen P.J., Nishi K.,
Schnier J., Slonimski P.P.
Nature 337:121-122(1989).